| 释义 |
hard AHD[härd] D.J.[hɑːd]K.K.[hɑrd]adj.（形容词）hard.er, hard.est 缩写 h., H.- Resistant to pressure; not readily penetrated.坚固的：对有压力的；有抵抗性的
- Physically toughened; rugged.身体结实的；强健的
- Mentally toughened; strong-minded.坚韧的：有独到见解的；意志坚强的
- Requiring great effort or endurance:困难的：要求巨大的努力和耐心的：a hard assignment.困难的任务
- Performed with or marked by great diligence or energy:勤奋的：需要巨大的努力和精力完成的：a project that required years of hard work.一项需要多年艰苦劳动的工程
- Difficult to resolve, accomplish, or finish:难以解决的：难对付的、难解决的或难以完成的：That was a hard question.那是一道难题
- Difficult to understand or impart:难以理解的，难以传授的：Physics was the hardest of my courses. Thermodynamics is a hard course to teach.物理学是我所学课程中最难理解的一门；热力学是非常难教的一门课
- Intense in force or degree:猛烈的：力量或程度上激烈的：a hard blow.猛烈的一击
- Inclement:严酷的：a long, hard winter.漫长而严酷的冬季
- Stern or strict in nature or comportment:严格的，严厉的：在性格或行为举动方面严格的或严厉的：a hard taskmaster.严厉的监工
- Resistant to persuasion or appeal; obdurate.倔强的，冷酷无情的：对信念或呼吁进行抵抗的；冷酷无情的
- Making few concessions:毫不让步的：drives a hard bargain.进行一场苛刻的交易
- Difficult to endure:难以忍受的：a hard life.令人无法忍受的生活
- Oppressive or unjust in nature or effect:刻薄的，苛刻的：在性格或外表上暴虐压制的或不公平的：restrictions that were hard on welfare applicants.这些限制对于那些福利申请人来讲实在太刻薄了
- Lacking compassion or sympathy; callous.冷淡的：缺乏热情或同情心的；冷酷的
- Harsh or severe in effect or intention:严厉的：在企图或结果上严重或严厉的：said some hard things that I won't forget.说了些令我不能忘却的严厉的事情
- Bitter; resentful:怨毒的；怨恨的：No hard feelings, I hope.我希望没有怨恨的情绪
- Causing damage or premature wear:引起损坏的，过早磨损的：Snow and ice are hard on a car's finish.冰和雪会破坏汽车表面的光泽度
- Bad; adverse:坏的；背运的：hard luck.坏运气
- Proceeding or performing with force, vigor, or persistence; assiduous:勤奋的：用力量、精力或耐心来进行或完成的；勤奋的：a hard worker.勤奋的工人
- Real and unassailable:有力的：确凿的且不容置疑的：hard evidence.有力的证据
- Definite; firm:确定的；强有力的：a hard commitment.明确的承诺
- Close; penetrating:严密的；透彻的：We need to take a hard look at the situation.我们需要对情况进行周密的调查
- Free from illusion or bias; practical:公正的，实际的：抛开幻想和偏见的；实际的：brought some hard common sense to the discussion.将实际的常识带到讨论中来
- Using or based on data that are readily quantified or verified:严密的：运用或基于事先计算或证明的数据：the hard sciences.严密的科学
- Marked by sharp outline or definition; stark.刻板的：由严格的提纲或概念规定的；刻板的
- Lacking in delicacy, shading, or nuance.不精密的、不灵活或缺乏变化的
- Metallic, as opposed to paper. Used of currency.金属的而非纸的。用于货币流通
- Backed by bullion rather than by credit. Used of currency.以金银为凭的：以金银储备而不是银行存款为凭证的。用于货币流通
- High and stable. Used of prices.高而稳定的。用于价格
- Durable; lasting:耐用的；持久的：hard merchandise.耐用的商品
- Written or printed rather than stored in electronic media:书写的：手写或打印而不用电子传播媒介的：sent the information by hard mail.将这条信息用手写信件送出去
- Erect; tumid. Used of a penis.竖起的：坚挺的；肿胀的。用于描写男性生殖器
- Having high alcoholic content; intoxicating:含大量酒精的；使醉的：hard liquor.烈酒
- Rendered alcoholic by fermentation; fermented:发酵的：通过发酵产生酒精的；发酵的：hard cider.苹果酒
- Containing dissolved salts that interfere with the lathering action of soap. Used of water.含无机盐的：含有参与肥皂起沫过程的溶解的盐的。用于水
- Linguistics Velar, as inc in cake or g in log, as opposed to palatal or soft. 【语言学】 硬音的：与软音或软腭音相反的硬腭音，如cake（蛋糕） 一词中 c 的发音或 log（原木） 一词中 g 的发音
- Physics Of relatively high energy; penetrating:【物理学】 高透力的：具有相对高能量的；有穿透力的：hard x-rays.高透力Ｘ射线
- High in gluten content:麸质含量高的：hard wheat.硬粒小麦
- Chemistry Resistant to biodegradation:【化学】 对生物腐蚀有抵抗力的：a hard detergent.抗腐蚀清洁剂
- Physically addictive. Used of certain illegal drugs, such as heroin.麻醉品：肉体上上瘾的。用于如海洛因等特定的非法麻醉品
- Resistant to blast, heat, or radiation. Used especially of nuclear weapons.抗热的，抗辐射的：防爆、防热或防辐射的。尤用于核武器
adv.（副词）- With strenuous effort; intently:努力地；拼命地：worked hard all day; stared hard at the accused criminal.一整天都在努力地工作；恶狠狠地盯着那个被控告的罪犯
- With great force, vigor, or energy:用力量、精力或能量地：pressed hard on the lever.猛烈地压在控制杠上
- In such a way as to cause great damage or hardship:剧烈地，苦难的：造成巨大破坏或困难地：industrial cities hit hard by unemployment.工业城市遭到失业的剧烈打击
- With great distress, grief, or bitterness:痛苦、苦闷或悲伤地：took the divorce hard.痛苦地接受离婚
- Firmly; securely:牢固地；安全地：held hard to the railing.紧紧地抓住栏杆
- Toward or into a solid condition:趋干或成为固体状态：concrete that sets hard within a day.混凝土在一天内就可以凝固
- Near in space or time; close:接近地：在时间或空间上相近的；接近地：The factory stands hard by the railroad tracks.工厂座落在铁路沿线
- Nautical Completely; fully:【航海】 完全地；完整的：hard alee.完全地向下风
hard and fast - Defined, fixed, and invariable:严格规定的、刻板的和无变化的：hard and fast rules.严格的规定
hard of hearing - Having a partial loss of hearing.听觉障碍：部分地失去听觉能力的
- One who has a partial loss of hearing.部分地失去听觉能力的人
hard put - Undergoing great difficulty:陷入困境：Under the circumstances, he was hard put to explain himself.在这种情况下，他很难为自己辩解
hard up【非正式用语】 - In need; poor.短缺：在急需中；贫困
- Middle English 中古英语
- from Old English heard * see kar- 源自 古英语 heard * 参见 kar-
hard, difficult, arduous- These adjectives are compared as they mean requiring great physical or mental effort to do, achieve, or master.比较而言这些形容词都意为为做某事、得到或掌握某物而付出肉体或精神上的努力。
- Hard is the most general term: Hard 是最常见的： Why is it so hard for you to keep a secret?为什么保守秘密对你来说如此之难？"You write with ease to show your breeding,/But easy writing's curst hard reading" (Richard Brinsley Sheridan).“轻轻松松地写，从而表现你的教养,/但是轻松地写是困难地读的祸根” （理查·布林斯利·谢里登）。
- Difficult andhard are interchangeable in many instances: Difficult 和hard 这两个词在许多情况下是可以互换使用的： a difficult (or hard ) subject; 困难的（或 hard ） 课题； a book that is difficult (or hard ) to find. Difficult, however, is often preferable where the need for skill or ingenuity is implied: 很难找的一本书（或 hard ） 。 然而Difficult一词在需要技术独创性的情况下，常会被使用： "All poetry is difficult to read,/—The sense of it is, anyhow" (Robert Browning).“诗歌总是难读的／无论如何，它的意义如此” （罗伯特·布朗宁）。
- Arduous refers to what involves burdensome labor or sustained physical or spiritual effort: Arduous 指需要付出难于忍受的劳动或持续的肉体上或精神上的努力的： "knowledge at which[Isaac] Newton arrived through arduous and circuitous paths" (Macaulay). “艾萨克·牛顿经过艰辛的和曲折的道路所得到的 知识” （麦考利）。 Negotiating a reduction in nuclear arms is a long and arduous undertaking. See also Synonyms at firm 1有关削减核武器的谈判是一项漫长而艰苦的工作 参见同义词 firm1
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